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Major Writers of the World

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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Magical realism is a
genre in which there is combination of unreal elements with the real. It can be
found in visual arts and films. In fiction a character lives beyond normal life
span. These impossible, fantastical details are presented naturally. A realistic
setting is invaded by events that are too strange to be believable.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">In <i>Love in the time of cholera </i>Marquez is constantly blurring the line
that divides the “rational” world from a world of irrational events and
desires. In a sense love, it is an irrational force which constantly erupts
into and overturns an ordered predictable, structured world; it is the fulcrum
of the novels “magic realism”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">There is exaggerated
entreaties of love between Florentino Ariza and Fermina Daza. She refuses to
reveal the identity of her secret sweetheart when confronted by the father she
locks herself in her room, without eating and drinking. The father moves with her
to another country but it is strange how Florentino has been following her
moves even after she is married to Dr. Jovenal. Even after the fifty years of
love the two do not get married.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Juvenal Urbino’s
medical conception of the body as an object for study is controverted throughout
the novel: his relationship with Fermina Daza and with Barbara Lynch is rooted
in a medical examination, and the consummation of his marriage to Fermina Daza
is made possible by masking it as an anatomy lesson. Dr. Juvenile says he was
aware that he did not love Fermina Daza instead. He had married her because he
liked her haughtiness, her seriousness, her strength and also because of some
vanity. Yet at the end Juvenal Urbino’s vulnerability in old age is a secret
shared only b his wife, whose acts of love resemble a mother nurturing a child.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dr. Juvenal is shocked
to discover Jeremiah Desaint Armour had a wife. He had thought he was a
bachelor. Lorenzo Daza hides from his past by organizing the marriage between
his daughter and Juvenal Urbino in order to give legitimacy to his new
gentility. This brings out the fact that the government has so many secrets
that it keeps from the people they govern<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Love in the time of
cholera begins with an event close to the end of the chronological story. Juvenal
Urbino’s death on Pentecost Sunday, “the most important holiday in city consecrated
by the holy spirit”. The doctor falls off a ladder while trying to get his
wife’s pet parrot back into its cage. This is magical realism. The last word
with the parrot are Ca y est compared to the last words of the Jesus. The
parrot is purchased from Carribean black market and it is groomed to speak
French, the parrot is considered polished and sophisticated in the eyes of
early 20<sup>th</sup> century Colombian society<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">At the wake of Urbino’s
death Florentino Ariza, the main character of the story declares his love for
Fermina Daza, even though they are both in the twilight of their lived.
“Fermina, I have waited for this moment for over a half a century, to repeat to
you my vow of eternal fidelity and everlasting love”. Fermina responds coldly,
“Get out of here. And don’t show your face again for the years of life that
bare left to you”. Here we find exaggerated irony the reader does not expect
strong romance between two old people or pick up upon a fresh widow of a
courtship initiated with such vicious rejection to end so well. This is the
essence of magical realism.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">There is also magical
realism where Gabriel Marquez’s discuss about cholera causing death of a
quarter of the urban population in less than three months. It is ironical that
among the victims is Dr. Juvenile’s father who was also highly esteemed
physician. The readers expect him being a doctor not to be prone to such
diseases as cholera which is known to be caused by poor living conditions and
poor sanitation. This episode is used to satirize the government where those
who are knowledgeable are supposed to be the light of others. Despite the fact
that Dr. Juvenal Urbino being from a wealthy class he never accepted the public
positions that were offered to him with frequency and without conditions and he
was a pitiless critic of these physician who used their professional prestige
to attain political office. It is also strange that he marries a beauty from
the lower classes, without name or fortune. 
He leaves the former palace of the Marcaquis de Casalduero which had
been the family mansion for over a century and moving to a new house in a
neighborhood of Noiveaux riches.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Another essence of
magical realism is how the plight of women is brought out. A woman is said she
cannot bear the desire to go to bed with the first beggar she met on the
street, with any miserable drunk who would give her what she wanted with no
pretensions and no questions. It is ironical how Florentino Ariza is led to bed
by a woman cleaning the house while he had kept his virginity for Fermina Daza.
The description of the women in town is exaggerated, “it was a daily fiesta
that lasted until dusk, when the naked women marched singing towards the
bathrooms, asked to borrow soaps, tooth brushes, scissors, cut each other’s
hair, dressed in borrowed clothes, painted themselves like lugubrious clowns,
and went out to hunt the first prey of the night”. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Marques discuss
prostitution in a very light tone which is an essence of magical realism.
Characters are said to use magic tricks for their survival Euclides was able to
defend himself against sharks because he had magic tricks of frighten the
sharks away. A paper seller who was demonstrating magic inks red inks with an
ambience of blood, inks of sad aspect for messages of condolence,
phosphorescent ink for reading in the dark, invisible inks that revealed
themselves in the light. She wanted all of them so she could amuse, Florentino
Ariza and astound him with her wit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Magical realism is also
evident where in Misericordia Hospital people were superstitious where they see
standing beds in pots of water to prevent diseases from climbing up the legs or
requiring evening wear. They could not tolerate the young newcomer’s tasting a
patient’s urine to determine the presence of sugar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dr. Juvenal was aware
of all the problem in the healthy sector. His obsession was the dangerous lack
of sanitation in the city. He was aware of the mortal threat of the drinking
water. He fought in vain so as the poor could learn how to build their own
latrines. It is also strange how for a long time the water in the cisterns had
been honoured as the cause of scrotal hernia that so many men in the city
endured not only without embarrassment but with a certain patriotic insolence.
Men who had ruptures sitting in their doorways on hot afternoons fanning their
enormous testicle as if it were a child sleeping between their legs. It is
abnormal the way many people die of cholera and they are not ready to change
their habits. This reflects the pertinent issues affecting the society<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The birds that are
presented in the novel are strange. “There was an invisible sound of running
water and pots with carnations quotation on the cornices, and cages of the
strange birds in the arcades. The strangest of all were three crowns in a large
cage, who filled the Potio with an ambiguous perfume every time they flapped
their wings. People believes in being protected by birds and dogs. It is strange
how a cat interferes with two lovers who are together and disrupts them and
they are afraid of the claws of the cat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Patriarchy is brought
out in an exaggerated manner where Sara Noriega who had several occasional
lovers but none with intentions of matrimony because it was difficulty for a man
of her time and place to marry a woman he had taken to bed. She never imagined
of getting married after her first formal fiancé whom she loved with the almost
demented passion, he broke the engagement one week before the date they had set
for weeding. Because of that betrayal, the woman lives a life of a prostitute.
This is magical realism. It shows how men justify oppression of women. They
believe in having affairs with girls before getting married<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">It is humorous how
Transito Ariza dies in the conviction that the son she had conceived in love
and raised for love was immune to any kind of love because of his first
youthful misfortune. On contrary he was fond of mystic ceremonies and strange
lotions, shared the suspicion that he was immune not to love but only to women.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">It is strange how
Floretino Ariza believe that “love no matter what else it might be was a
natural talent. Florentino Ariza did not like having the furious cat in bed
with them, although Sara Noriega had his claws removed so he would not tear
them apart while they made love” this is an essence of magical realism.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">In conclusion Marques
use of magical realism creates humour in the readers. Through use of “magical
realism” Marques expands the visible spectrum of humanity. He has succeeded in
using magical realism to give message about everyday life of human beings. This
magical realism represent the contemporary realities.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Major Writers of the World

Magical realism is a genre in which there is combination of unreal elements with the real. It can be found in visual arts and films. In f...

AFRICAN CULTURE

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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Traditionally
Igwa was supposed to be respected                                    <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">. Back home that night Papa told mama that it was
sinful. You did not bow to another human being.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">When Kambili and Jaja
share a home with a heathen water is poured on their feet because they have
walked in sin.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">He lowered the kettle
into the tub, tilted it toward my feet. He poured hot water on my feet, slowly
as if he were conducting an experienced and wanted to see what would happen. (Page
19)  Kambili and Jaja are both wise
beyond their years and also not allowed to reach adulthood, as maturity often
comes with questioning authority. When Ade quiet, Papa does not laugh. They have
a fear of God. Kambili and Jaja are afraid of their fathers. They are not
encouraged to grow and succeed, only threatened with failure when they do not.
This makes Jaja despise himself, he is ashamed that he is so far behind Obiora
in both intelligence and protecting his family. He ends up rejecting religion
with punishment and rejects his faith.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Aunty Ifeoma encourages
Kambili to reconsider her stance on Papa-Nnukwu. As she has been taught by
Papa, her grandfather is a heathen. But when she searches his face, she sees no
signs of godliness. After witnessing his innocent ritual, Kambili questions the
absolute rule her father.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Religion makes some
people like papa to abandon their culture and condemn the people rooted in the
traditional culture. Father benedict is a white man from England who conducts
his masses according to Europe custom. Papa adheres to father Benedict’s style
banishing every trace of his own Nigerian heritage. Father Amadi on the other
hand, is an African priest who blends Catholicism with Igbo traditions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">He believes that faith
is both simpler and complex then what Father Benedict preaches.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Father Amadi is a
modern African once who is culturally-conscious but influenced by the colonial
history of his country</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Papa Nnukwu is a
traditionalist. He follows rituals of his ancestors and he believes in a pantheistic
model of religion. Though both his son and daughter converted to Catholicism,
Papa Nnukwu held his roots. When Kambili witness his morning ritual, she
realizes their faith are not as different as they appear.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Papa is a product of a
colonialist education. He was schooled by missionaries and studied English. The
wisdom he takes back to Nigeria is largely informed by those who have colonized
his country. He abandons the traditions of his ancestors and chooses to speak
primarily in British- Accented English in public. His large estate is filled
with western luxuries like satellite, T.V and Music. Amaka assumes that
American pop stars while she listens to musicians who embrace their African
heritage.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Over the course of the
novel, both Kambili and Jaja must come to terms with the lingering after
effects of colonialism in their own lives. They both adjust to life outside
their father’s asp by embracing or accepting traditional ways.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">In
Africa traditions the families are supposed to meet together for celebrations.
But Papa is strict on his children visiting their grandfather for more than
fifteen days. At Christmas, the family returns to the Papa’s ancestral town,
Abba. The family supervises a feast that s feeds the celebrated for his
generosity in Abba as well. However he does not allow children to visit his own
father, Papa Nnukwu for me than fifteen minutes each Christmas. Papa still
fellows the religious traditions of his people the Igbo. When Aunty Ifeoma comes
to visit from her university town of Nnsuka she argues with Papa about his
mistreatment of their father. But Papa is firm for owning a pointing of
Papa-Nnukwu      Kambili is kicked until
she is hospitalized. This is due to conflict between traditional and
Christianity.  Papa believes that
Christians have nothing to do with the traditionalist because they are
heathens.                                                                                                                                          
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sexuality        <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Papa Eugene is strict
on his children so as to keep them away from sin. He does not let his children
experience the bodily pleasure he was denied by priest while growing up .He
therefore assuming that any opportunity or little freedom given to his children
would be spent in pursuance of such pleasures. For example Jaja asks for the
key to his room after he had just returned from aunt HEOMA’S place, pleading
for a need to have some privacy. His father assumes that Jaja is only seeking
an opportunity to indulge your be in sexual pleasure with himself.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Father
Amadi notice of her legs makes her join volleyball group on the second day of
school in spite of the whispers and redialing at laughter from her fellow
students.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Father
Benedict and Papa Eugene’s religion thought Kambili never to admire herself, to
cover up anything that made her attractive as a woman, thus causing her to
suffer low self-esteem. Father Amadi’s Catholicism on the other hand recognizes
the woman in Kambili and acknowledges the need for her utilize her potentials
to the fullest.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">According
to Eugene anything that draws attention to the body or makes it attractive to
look is considered sin. Kambili therefore must cover her long and beautiful
hair, she must conceal her lovely athletic legs; she must in no way embellish
her face, and must not look at the nakedness of another person, male or female
for all these were considered sins.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kambili’s
discovery of herself evolves in gradual phases. First she learns to look at the
nakedness of another human like by starting at Papa-Nnukwu naked form while
watching him pray –she stands fascinated at his nakedness, even taking
particular note.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Seeing
Amaka undress on her very first day in Aunt Ifeoma house she could only imagine
that she looked like Hausa goat: brown, long and lean. She quickly looks away
because it was sinful to look upon another person’s nakedness.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kambili’s
attraction to father Amadi is from the beginning is physical. During his second
visit to Aunt Ifeoma, she notices, “the way his hair lay in wavy curls on his
head like the ripples in stream”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The
confronting presence of the Father Amadi causes the changes in Kambili’s life.
Her physical attraction to father Amadi expedites her steps towards womanhood.
Father Amadi also greatly influences Kambili’s shifting paradigm of faith. He
tells that the priesthood was able to answer the most questions. Father Amadi
also incorporates Igbo songs and prayer into his sermons. Kambili realizes that
her faith and ancestral traditions do not have to be mutually exclusive. She is
able to forge her identity as both as a sexual woman and more liberal Catholics<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Girls
believed in getting a child before getting married so that the men can accept
them.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Marriage<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">On
several occasions, papa beats his wife and children. Each time he is provoked
by an action that deems immoral. When mama does not want to visit with father
Benedict because she is ill, Papa beats her and she miscarries.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">When
mama tells Kambili she is pregnant, she mentions that she miscarried several
times after Kambili was born. Within the narrative of the novel, mama loses two
pregnancies at Papa’s hands. The other miscarriage may have been caused by
these beatings as well. When she miscarries Papa makes the children say special
novenas for their mother’s forgiveness. Even though he is to blame, he insuates
it is Mama’s fault. Mama believes that she cannot exist outside of her marriage.
She dismisses Aunty Ifeoma’s ideas that life begins after marriage as
“University talk. Mama has not been liberated and withstands the abuse because
she believes it is just.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Finally
because mama cannot bear the abuse she poisons Papa because she can see no
other point<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">That
she must resort to murder to escape.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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AFRICAN CULTURE

Traditionally Igwa was supposed to be respected . Back home that night Papa told mama that it was si...

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